The Answers

1. What determines the "quality" of liquid water?

The physical structure of the super-molecules(H2O)n.

Contrary to common belief liquid water Is NOT a mass of separate HO molecules.

If it were, it would be liquid only below minus 30 degree Fahrenheit!

Figure 1

But in fact, water is liquid in a larger range of temperature than other liquids! (See Figure 1.) In addition it has these amazing properties:

•     It is able to absorb more heat per gram than other substances. For instance, 10 times as much as iron.

•   When it turns solid it becomes lighter. (Ice swims on top of liquid water.)

•   It is chemically neutral, yet it is a universal solvent.

•   It has an extremely high surface tension, as anyone can see by observing how hard it is for a drop of water to fall from a faucet.

This is only a partial list of the unusual qualities of liquid water. But it seems to indicate that water must contain bigger molecules than H2O.

It is generally known that HO molecules attract one another by their hydrogen bonds. They conglomerate to form super molecules, which determine the behavior of liquid water.

However, the size and the shape of these super-molecules are not known whether they are ordered or not, or whether they change constantly or are stable in time is not known!

Known with certainty is that these water super-molecules engulf non-water particles (Figure 2).

The "quality" of liquid water depends on its super-molecules.

Figure. 2  Blue spheres symbolize water molecules forming super-molecules surrounding all non-water particles in the water.

Klaus Kronenberg, Ph.D Interview - Links to Pages:

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